基于模拟退火算法的旅行商问题的实现

旅行商问题TSP是一类典型的NP完全问题．围绕着这个问题有各种不同的求解方法,已有的算法例如动态规划法、分支限界法、回溯法等,这些精确式方法都是指数级的,根本无法解决目前的实际问题．贪心法是近似方法．无法达到比较满意的近似比。常用的遗传算法也是求解这类问题的常用方法之一。由于该问题的解是一种特殊的序列．所以遗传算法在求解该问题时的性能也并不理想。模拟退火算法具有描述简单、使用灵活、运用广泛、运行效率高和较少受到初始条件约束等优点．是解决旅行商问题的一种很好的算法。     

A computational study of austenite formation kinetics in rapidly heated steels

Surface hardening of steels involves rapid austenitization and subsequent quenching of the surface. The resulting extent of hardening largely depends on the rate of austenitization of the surface under the applied high heating rates. In the present work the kinetics of austenite formation in Fe-C alloys during rapid, non-isothermal heating conditions, characterized by high heating rates and short austenitization periods, were studied by means of computational simulation. Austenitization of lamellar pearlite/proeutectoid ferrite microstructures was simulated by assuming two kinetically distinct stages: i) dissolution of lamellar pearlite followed by ii) dissolution of proeutectoid ferrite. The two stages were simulated by two corresponding 1-D diffusion models employed in series. Numerical solution of the resultant moving-boundary diffusion problems provide calculated results regarding the dependency of vol. fraction austenite on thermal cycle parameters and on initial microstructural features of the steel. Analysis of calculated results showed that the vol. fraction of pearlite transforming to austenite during pearlite dissolution depended on maximum temperature, dwell time and pearlite interlamellar spacing. A functional relationship between these variables, consisting of a thermodynamic and a kinetic term, was established. On the other hand, the total vol. fraction of austenite forming in the steel, after both stages of austenitization, was found to follow a typical sigmoidal kinetic behaviour.     

The effect of annealing on mechanical and tribological properties of diamond-like carbon multilayer films

The diamond-like carbon (DLC) multilayer films have been deposited by plasma CVD deposition onSi wafer substrate. The deposited films have then been post-annealed in vacuum at 250 °C for 2 h. Changes in internal stress, hardness, critical load, friction coefficient and wear have been investigated toassess the influence of annealing on mechanical and tribological properties of DLC multilayer films. At the same time, DLC single layerfilms are also deposited and annealed in the same method for a comparison.The results show that there is 28–33% decrease in internal stress and 10–13% decrease in hardness of theDLC single layer films after the anneal treatment. However, for the DLC multilayer films, there is 41–43% decreasein internal stress and less than 2% decrease in hardness. In addition, the annealed DLC multilayer filmhas the same friction and wear properties as that un-annealed film. This result indicates that the anneal treatment isan effective method for the DLC multilayer films to reduce the internal stress and to increase the critical load.The by-effect of the annealing, decrease of hardness and wear resistance of the multilayer film, can be restrictedby the multilayer structure.     

A novel clock generation algorithm for system-on-chip based on least common multiple

Due to increase in the number of Intellectual Property (IP) cores, clock generation in current day System-on-Chips (SoCs) is facing a crisis. The conventional method of using a dedicated Phase Locked Loop (PLL) to generate the clock for each IP core is becoming inefficient in terms of power and cost. We propose an algorithm based on Least Common Multiple (LCM) to minimize the number of PLLs required to generate the clocks for the IP cores in a SoC. This is done by finding an Optimum Operating Frequency (OOF) for each IP core within 10% below the maximum operating frequency of the core. The OOF is chosen such that the LCM of the OOF of all the IP cores is minimized. Simulated annealing is used to find the LCM. This LCM is the crucial high frequency from which maximum number of clocks can be derived by clock dividers.     

Thermal treatment effect on nanostructured TiO2 films deposited using diethanolamine stabilized precursor sol

A clear ethanol based precursor sol obtained using diethanolamine has been utilized for the deposition of TiO₂ films annealed at different temperatures. The influence of annealing temperature on the structural, optical and electrochemical properties of TiO₂ thin films has been examined. Diethanolamine stabilizes the precursor sol due to its chelate forming ability with the alkoxides. It reacts as a tridentate ligand with the titanium isopropoxide. The threshold for the onset of crystallization in the films is identified at a temperature of 300 °C. The SEM study on the films elucidates segregation of irregularly shaped features into finer round clusters as a function of annealing temperature. As determined from the AFM study, the roughness parameter in the films has shown an increase with the annealing temperature. Photoluminescence measurements have given an indirect evidence for the presence of stoichiometric titanium oxide in the films. An optimum crystallite size and high ion storage capacity in the 300 °C annealed film has led to its superior electrochromic activity with the transmission modulation and coloration efficiency of the same film being 42% and 8.1 cm² C⁻¹, respectively at 550 nm. The highest degree of porosity in the 300 °C annealed film as established from the SEM study is also the reason behind its best electrochromic performance. In addition, the 300 °C annealed film also exhibits the fastest coloration switching kinetics.     

Direct analysis of annealing of nodular crystals in isotactic polypropylene by atomic force microscopy, and its correlation with calorimetric data

The process of isothermal annealing of nodular monoclinic crystals of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC). Initially nodular and mesomorphic domains were obtained by controlled melt-crystallization at high cooling rate. Subsequent heating triggers transition from mesomorphic to monoclinic structure, and melting of unstable nodules. Annealing allows re-crystallization, which is recognized by enlargement of domains from initially about 20 nm to about 35 and 55 nm after annealing at 393 and 433 K, respectively. Furthermore, the re-crystallization process is connected with a slight change of the aspect ratio of crystals. The isothermal re-crystallization of the liquid is superimposed by aggregation of crystals, to yield blocky, and string-like objects. The direct analysis of structure on isothermal annealing by AFM is for the first time compared with the isothermal decrease of the apparent specific heat capacity, or change of enthalpy, monitored by TMDSC. The apparent specific heat capacity decreases during annealing with an identical non-linear time dependence as the directly observed growth of the crystal size. Analysis of the annealing processes at different temperatures yields proportionality between the increase of the crystal size and the reduction of the apparent specific heat capacity.     

一类模拟退火算法与遗传算法混合优化策略

提出一类模拟退火算法（GA）和遗传算法（SA）的混合策略。算法结构上,提出模拟退火算法与遗传算法相结合,既发挥模拟退火算法搜索面广、遗传算法收敛快的优点,又克服前者收敛速度较慢而后者收敛容易早熟的问题。在算法操作细节上,加入杰出个体保护策略及自适应调整的遗传操作,以及增加记忆功能的模拟退火操作与收敛准则。从而既防止算法陷入局部最优,又提高收敛速度及搜索效率。     

基于边界扫描技术的设计复杂性优化研究

对于边界扫描技术的电路系统,可利用现代优化算法对其进行复杂性和测试性改善度的综合优化。主要以较小的复杂性设计来实现测试性的最大化改善,以提高系统测试性优化和缩短系统的测试时间。应用模拟退火算法和模拟退火遗传算法实现系统的设计复杂性优化,相比于贪婪算法,模拟退火算法和模拟退火遗传算法能得到更好的优化率。     

人工蜂群算法的一种改进

人工蜂群算法作为一种新生代的优化算法,近年来在众多科学领域中表现出一定的优势,但是其收敛速度并不高效,并且容易过早地陷入局部最优。首先通过对适应度选择进行改进,提高算法的收敛速度,同时结合模拟退火算法,一定程度上避免过早陷入局部最优。最后用一组基准函数进行实验,证明改进后的人工蜂群算法有更好的优化性能。     

客户分类下生鲜配送两级路径问题与算法研究

生活水平的提高使得消费者对生鲜产品的需求不断增长,进而促进了冷链物流行业的快速发展。将客户按重要性分为重要客户和普通客户两类,以总配送成本最小为目标,建立考虑客户分类的两级容量有限车辆路径优化模型。提出两阶段启发式算法求解该模型：第一阶段设计改进的遗传-模拟退火算法增强全局搜索能力,其中采用轮盘赌选择机制结合精英保留策略保留优秀个体,部分匹配交叉算子结合自适应交叉率维持种群多样性,Metropolis准则以一定概率接受较差解;第二阶段使用精确方法求解一级配送路径。基于Perboli的Set2算例集和Hemmelmayr的Set5算例集,共30个基准案例,分别将所提出算法与四种现有算法进行对比分析,验证了改进算法的效果,并测试了算法的收敛性。基于模拟数据进行模型分析,验证了所提出模型和算法的有效性和适用性。